Adapted from:English-learners.com

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Definition:

An article is not a word that combines with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Articles specify the grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope. The articles in the English language are the, a, and an.

In this post, we’re going to discuss this question; “where should we use articles & where we shouldn’t use articles?”

• I am not made of money :

Meaning: I don’t make money.

• Be closed-fisted :

Meaning: To be very stingy.

• Be pressed for money :

Meaning: To be very rich.

• Be rolling in money :

Meaning: When you have a lot of money.

• Live on a shoe string :

Meaning: To have a difficult life and have no money but not to show it to others.

Linking verbs link or connect the subject of a sentence with an adjective, noun, or pronoun that follows the linking verb. This occurs most frequently with the verb to be:

• I am lonely. We are teenagers.
• You are correct. You are the winner.
• He is a soccer player. They are careful.
• She is a Baptist. The man is a doctor.
• It is you. The girls are talented.

Verbs + About

The following verbs are commonly used with ‘about’. Each verb + about combination includes an example sentence to provide context.

• be about something:  That book is about his experiences in Africa.
• argue about (doing) something: The boys argued about which bus to take.
• be concerned about (doing) something: I’m concerned about your grades.
• be worried about (doing) something: She is worried about her exams.
• boast about (doing) something: Thomas boasted about his golfing ability.
• decide about (doing) something: Anna decided about her goals.
• dream about (doing) something: Mark dreams about becoming a ballet dancer.
• protest about (doing) something: The students protested about the invasion.

Here are some idioms which contain the word “Black”.

1) as black as a skillet: very black

My hands were as black as a skillet when I finished working on the car engine.

2) as black as a stack of black cats:very black

The little boy was as black as a stack of black cats after playing outside all day.

3) as black as a sweep: very dirty/black (a chimney sweep cleans chimneys and becomes very black)

My friend was as black as a sweep after he finished cleaning the basement.

4) as black as coal: very black

My friend’s cat is as black as coal.

5) as black as night: very dark and black

The old house was as black as night when we entered it.

6) as black as pitch: very black

My face was as black as pitch after cleaning the stove all morning.

7) as black as the ace of spades: very black

The horse in the parade was as black as the ace of spades

دانلود قسمت اول:

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قسمت دوم:

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قسمت سوم:

http://www.divshare.com/i/9108665-102

به نام خالق يكتا

سلام به همه همراهان هميشگي

اين پست را به مبحث يادگيري speaking اختصاص داده ام كه علتش يه اتفاق بود...

ديروز يكي از دوستان اومده بود پيش بنده كه به قول خودش در مورد يادگيري مكالمه راهنماييش كنم ولي چي شد،2 ساعت تمام با من بحث كرد. هر چي ميگفتم كه يادگيري مكالمه به ظاهرش نيست اصلاً گوش نمي داد....

متأسفانه اين دوره هاي فشرده و اين تبليغات كاذب روز به روز از كيفيت آموزش و يادگيري زبان در ايران مي كاهند در يك كلام از سطح استاندارد خيلي فاصله گرفته ايم!

اين دوستم گفتش كه ميخوام لهجه آمريكايي يادبگيرم. گفتم كه خيلي خوبه و اينا... بعد گفت ميخواهم يكي از مدرسان و همچنين شما را دعوت كنم تا طي چند جلسه با هم مكالمه انجام بدين و من گوش بدم و نكات مهم را ياد بگيرم.

پرسيدم كي گفته اينجوري ياد ميگيري؟گفت يكي از استادام در يكي از موسسات به اصطلاح معتبر شهر گفته!!!

من واقعاً گيج شدم مثل قضيه كنكوري ها (البته منظورم افراد خاصي نيستند) كه هنوز مطالب كتاب را خوب يادنگرفتند ميخوان تست بزنند و رتبه كسب كنند.

نكته: كسايي كه در زبان حرفي براي گفتند دارند در ايران اكثراً جزء يكي از اين 2 گروه اند:

1- افرادي كه ذهنشون طلاست ولي سخنران خيلي مسلطي نيستند.

2- افرادي كه مايه علمي نسبتاً كمي دارند ولي بصورت صريح و شيوا صحبت مي كنند.

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در ادامه ميگفت كه تا پنج ماهه ديگه ميخوام با لهجه صريح آمريكايي صحبت كنم و دارم دوره اش رو ميگذرونم و...

من نظرم اين است كه اگر كسي ميخواهد واقعاً اين زبان را فرابگيرد بايد يه دوره ايي از زمان را صرف يادگيري اين زبان بكند و اكتفا به دوره هاي فشرده و فلش كارت و انگليسي در خواب و اين مسائل نكنه چون اينها همه بهانه اند براي ايجاد انگيزه يادگيري در بين افراد.

اما در مورد لهجه بطور قطع ثابت شده كه وقتي با يك زبان مادري صحبت ميكنيم امكان يادگيري و بعبارتي داشتن زبان مادري دوم وجود ندارد(اصلاً غير معقولانه است). بعضيا ميان و مثالهاي عيني ميزنند كه چرا فلاني اينقدر قشنگ صحبت ميكنه ميخوام مثل اون صحبت كنم و...هزار كه خوب صحبت كنيم باز هم آخرش native نيست و زبان مادري همون زبان اولي خودمون يعني فارسي و گويش هاي آن هست!

براي شروع بايد:

1- سطح واژگان را به سطح مطلوبي برسانيد(كتابهاي 504،1100،2600،موزائيك و vocabulary in use و...)

2-يادگيري گرامر Formal(گرامر رسمي و كتابي)

3-از همه مهم تر يادگيري كلمات و اصطلاحات و همچنين گرامر informal(غير رسمي و محاوره اي)

توضيح:

اگر شما نتوانيد كه فرق بين بكاربردن چه واژه اي در چه جايي و در مقابل چه كسي را بدونيد قطعاً با مشكل مواجه خواهيد شد چه از لحاظ قوانين دستوري و چه از لحاظ اجتماعي و چه از لحاظ روايي معنايي!

4-كار روي اشتباهات رايج در مكالمه و خطاهاي دستوري

5-تمرين و كار روي جملات و اصطلاح ها كه بقول خيليها آب و رنگ مكالمه هستند.

6- توجه به اينكه كيفيت مهم است نه كميت و سرعت مكالمه!

7-تمرين با افرادي كه مثل شما علاقه مندند و هم سطح شما هستند(يادگيري گروهي)

8- در يك كلام Use All News و هميشه بروز باشين!

اين مراحل بصورت قطعي نيستند و قابل تغيير هستند. همچنين در خلال اينها استفاده از كارتون ها، فيلم ها،موزيك ها و مكالمه هاي دوستانه مي توانند خيلي مفيد باشند.

كلام آخر،

انگليسي مانند ساير زبان ها و علوم قانونمند است و بايد به ضوابط آن عمل كرد تا بتوان به شكلي صحيح آن را فرا گرفت.

از همه زبان آموزان خواهش ميكنم كه اين مسئله رو جدي بگيريد و ابتدا محتواي علمي خودتون را قوي كنيد نه سرعت مكالمه و ظاهر آن را.

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منتظر نظرات شما هستم

پاينده و پيروز باشيد

به نام خدا

فكر كنم الآن ديگه وقت آن رسيده باشه كه يكي درباره لهجه هاي انگليسي هم صحبتي به ميان بياورد. من به شخصه ديگه از اينكه اين همه آدم دارند درباره يك زبان كلي گويي مي كنند خسته شده ام؛ بهتره كه يكم عميق تر به اين زبان نگاه كنيم و چيزهايي بيش از چندتا قاعده گرامري و اصطلاح يادبگيريم.

در اين رابطه خيلي از زبان شناسان معتقدند كه يادگيري يك لهجه ي جديد (لهجه آمريكايي و...) براي كسي كه انگليسي زبان دومش است كار بس مشكل و تقريباً محال است...

ولي طبق شواهدي كه هست با تمرينات و شناخت بهتر لهجه زبان دوم مي توان اختلافات فاحش بين لهجه گوينده و لهجه اصلي زبان را كم و يا تا حدودي از بين برد.

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Ric Phillips در وبلاگ خود به نام Speak English Better ، درباره  تلفظ كانادايي ها چنين مي نويسد:

"I personally hear different English dialects here in Canada. I hear the standard “mid-west” accent that Hollywood and the media love to use, although it is split up into 2 accents. One is the ‘professional’ accent which you will hear in the big cities and in professional circles. The vowels are tighter, proper grammar rules are adhered to and the vocabulary is richer.

The other accent is the ‘relaxed’ English, which you can hear in small towns and in manual labour or “blue collar” circles. In this dialect, the people do not mind purposefully breaking some grammar rules, have a variety of rich and colourful slang and favourite expressions used, and sound more “American” in their pronunciation of longer, stretched out vowels.

There is also the distinctive French-Canadian or “Quebecois” accent (Think Georges St.Pierre from the UFC) which is quite different from accents from other French speaking countries. There is the distinctive “East-Coaster” accent, due to the previous immigrants from Ireland and Scotland (hence Nova Scotia – New Scotland) and finally there is the native/Inuit/aboriginal accent."

A few resources to study Canadian English Pronunciation:

http://www.accentoncanadianenglish.com/
http://www.lulu.com/content/e-book/3vc-accent-reduction-program-description/7349543
http://voicetoword.ca/index.html
http://www.voiceandspeech.com/
http://www3.telus.net/linguisticsissues/britishcanadianamericanvocabcanadianpron.html
http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/Canadian/canphon3.html
http://www.esl-guide.com/links/search.cgi?Country=Canada

موفق و مؤيد باشيد.

Canadian English (CanE, en-CA) is the variety of English used in Canada. More than 26 million Canadians (85% of the population) have some knowledge of English (2006 census). Approximately 17 million speak English as their native language. Outside Quebec, 76% of Canadians speak English natively. Canadian English contains elements of British English in its vocabulary, as well as several distinctive “Canadianisms”. In many areas, speech is influenced by French, and there are notable local variations. However, Canada has very little dialect diversity compared to the United States. The phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon for most of Canada are similar to that of the Western and Midland regions of the United States, while the phonological system of western Canadian English is identical to that of the Pacific Northwest of the United States, and the phonetics are similar. As such, Canadian English and American English are sometimes grouped together as North American English. Canadian English spelling is a blend of British and American conventions. (source: Wikipedia)

>>>The Effects of Task-based Techniques, Gender, and Different Levels of Language Proficiency on Speaking Development


>>>Source: Pazhuhesh-e Zabanha-ye Khareji,No 49,Special Issue,English,Winter 2009,pp.23-41

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